Systems, Methods and Devices for Networking Over High Impedance Cabling

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and processor readable media for distributing digital data and electrical power to a plurality of devices over high-impedance cables are disclosed. Certain embodiments include a gateway device connected to a power source, a first device connected to the gateway device by a cable, the cable being a high-impedance cable having at least two conductive paths, and wherein the first device receives electrical power and digital data from the gateway device via the cable over the same conductive path of the cable, a second device connected to the gateway device by the cable wherein the second device receives power and digital data from the gateway device via the cable over the same conductive path, and wherein the power source provides power to the first and second devices via the cable, and wherein the second device is connected to the gateway device through the first device via a daisy-chain topology.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/548,493, filed Aug. 22, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/349,546, filed Apr. 3, 2014, which is furtherthe U.S. National Phase of International Application No.PCT/AU2012/001216, filed Oct. 5, 2012, and which further claims priorityto U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/544,810, filed Oct. 7, 2011. Theforegoing related applications, in their entirety, are incorporatedherein by reference.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,725 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0235486 arealso incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In addition,Australian Provisional Application No. 2005902065, filed Apr. 22, 2005,and Australian Provisional Application No. 2005906272, filed Nov. 11,2005, are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure is directed to networking and signal distributionover high impedance cabling.

BACKGROUND

High impedance cabling systems minimize power loss by increasing thevoltage of signals for transmission over the cable and then reducing thevoltage at the receiving end. This step-up/step-down processcorrespondingly reduces the current flowing through the cable andtherefore the power loss in the cable. Such cabling is often installedinto buildings for signal distribution over certain distances (forexample, exceeding 50 feet). The maximum voltage used on the cablevaries around the world according to regulations: in the USA, 70V is themaximum voltage that can be used without requiring conduit for thecable; in Europe, 100V maximum voltages are common. Cabling used forevacuation systems or installed in the plenum spaces of buildings issubject to a variety of regulations related to fire safety.

In conventional high impedance signal distribution systems such as70/100V loudspeaker systems, the power is delivered to the speaker as anincreased voltage version of the input signal. The power is delivered atan increased voltage minimizing losses in the cabling whilst signals aredelivered via digital networking, avoiding many of the drawbacks presentin existing systems whilst increasing the quality and flexibility of thesignal distribution system.

A typical schematic of a high-impedance audio signal distribution systemis shown in FIG. 1. A transformer 10 at the power-amplifier output stepsup the voltage to approximately 70 volts at full power. The transformer10 primary windings are coupled to a low impedance line 12, and thesecondary windings are coupled to a high impedance speaker cable 14.Each speaker 16, 20, 24, 28 has an associated step-down transformer 18,22, 26, 30 that matches the 70V high impedance line 14 to each speaker'simpedance. The primary windings of the speaker transformers 18, 22, 26,30 are connected in parallel to the transformer secondary windings inthe power amplifier.

Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC) systems carry dataon a conductor also used for electric power transmission. Electricalpower is transmitted over high voltage transmission lines, distributedover medium voltage, and used inside buildings at lower voltages.Powerline communications can be applied at each stage. Most PLCtechnologies limit themselves to one set of wires (for example, premiseswiring), but some can cross between two levels (for example, both thedistribution network and premises wiring). Typically the transformerprevents the signal propagating beyond a single cable, which requiresuse of multiple technologies for larger networks.

The IEEE 1901 working group of the Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers develops standards for high-speed power linecommunications. This technology allows computer networks to send dataover electrical power lines (contrasting with approaches such as powerover Ethernet which send power over computer network wires).

HomePlug is the family name for various power line communicationsspecifications that support networking over existing in-buildingelectrical wiring. Several different, non-interoperable specificationsexist under the HomePlug moniker, with each offering certain performancecapabilities and variable compatibility with other HomePlugspecifications. Some HomePlug specifications target broadbandapplications such as in-home distribution of low data rate IPTV, gaming,and Internet content, while others focus on low-power, low throughput,and extended operating temperatures for applications such as smart powermeters and in-home communications between electric systems andappliances. HomePlug AV is reported to provide 20-30 Mbps in a typicalhome setting. IEEE 1901 claims to provide up to 500 Mbps, although thisis a theoretical maximum speed.

Packet switched networking technologies are often used to transportmedia signals (e.g. audio, video, MIDI, or other signals). For example,the Audio Video Bridging (AVB) protocols may be used to transport mediasignals over an Ethernet network and the Real-Time Transport Protocol(RTP) standard developed by the IETF is widely used to transportmultimedia signals over the Internet across many different types of linktechnology. A wide variety of digital and analogue media signals can beconditioned for transmission via a packet switched network.

Dante is a high performance, IP based media signal transport technologythat employs a packet switched network. An exemplary Dante system isdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,725 and U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2010/0235486.

In addition to packet switched networks, simple networks can beconstructed using point-to-point digital protocols such as AES3, S/PDIF,MADI, SDI, DVI, etc. A common scenario is a multi-drop cable carrying acommon digital signal to many receivers. In many cases, these protocolsare designed to operate over short distances with specific types ofcables. Transmission over long distances or cable types not envisaged bythe original protocol specifications may require signals to beconditioned appropriately for transmission over a high impedance cablingsystem. Signals are de-conditioned at the receivers and may additionallybe boosted by devices connected to the cabling to further extend thedistance served by the cabling.

There is a need for improved systems, devices and methods directed tonetworking and signal distribution over high impedance cabling. Thepresent disclosure is directed to overcome and/or ameliorate at leastone of the disadvantages of the prior art as will become apparent fromthe discussion herein.

SUMMARY

According to certain embodiments, a system for distributing digital dataand electrical power to a plurality of devices over high-impedancecables is disclosed. The system is characterized by a gateway deviceconnected to a power source; a first device connected to the gatewaydevice by a cable, the cable being a high-impedance cable having atleast two conductive paths, and wherein the first device receiveselectrical power and digital data from the gateway device via the cableover the same conductive path of the cable; a second device connected tothe gateway device by the cable wherein the second device receives powerand digital data from the gateway device via the cable over the sameconductive path; and wherein the power source provides power to thefirst and second devices via the cable, and wherein the second device isconnected to the gateway device through the first device via adaisy-chain topology.

According to certain embodiments, a gateway device configured totransmit digital data and electrical power to a plurality of devicesover high-impedance cables is disclosed. The gateway device ischaracterized by a network port; a network interface connected to thenetwork port, wherein the network interface is configured to receive andtransmit digital data via the network port; a converter configured toreceive digital data from the network interface and generate datapackets suitable for transmission over a conductive path in ahigh-impedance cable; a coupler configured to receive the data packetsand transmit said data packets over the conductive path; and a powersupply unit configured to receive power from a power source and generatean output power suitable for transmission over the conductive path;wherein the gateway device is configured to transmit digital data andelectrical power to a plurality of devices connected via a daisy-chaintopology.

According to certain embodiments, a device configured to receive digitaldata and electrical power over a high-impedance cable is disclosed.According to certain embodiments, a device configured to receive and/ortransmit digital data and electrical power over a high-impedance cableis disclosed. The device is characterized by a power supply adapted tobe coupled to a conductive path in a high-impedance cable; a networkinterface adapted to be coupled to the conductive path in thehigh-impedance cable; and a processing system coupled to the networkinterface, the processing system configured to receive digital data fromthe network interface, convert the digital data to an analog or digitalsignal, and output the analog or digital signal to an amplifier,speaker, alarm, actuator, relay closer, serial port, lighting system,video projector or video monitor. In certain aspects, the device mayalso be configured to transmit and receive digital data over thehigh-impedance cable. In certain aspects, the device may also beconfigured to process and use certain data at the device. Processing mayinclude de-compression of digital data, de-compression of audio/videosignals, gain adjustment of audio signals, frequency equalization ofaudio signals, playout time alignment of audio and/or video signals,mixing of two or more audio signals, echo cancellation, triggering ofpre-recorded audio/video playback, video scaling, video colouradjustment, de-interlacing, de-noising, adjustment of video frame rate,video picture-in-picture processing, other similar signal processingfunctions or combinations thereof. Further, processing may be modulatedor controlled by a local processor in the device, or by signals ormessages transmitted by a control processor elsewhere on the network, orby signals or messages transmitted from a control device such as avolume control or switch attached to the device or attached elsewhere tothe network.

According to certain embodiments, a device configured to transmitdigital data and receive electrical power over a high-impedance cable isdisclosed. The device is characterized by a power supply adapted to becoupled to a conductive path in a high-impedance cable; a networkinterface adapted to be coupled to the conductive path in thehigh-impedance cable; and a processing system coupled to the networkinterface, the processing system configured to receive an input signalfrom a microphone, pre-amplifier, video camera, video playback device,audio playback device, midline inputs, security alarm, fire alarm, smokedetector, CO₂ detector, camera, potentiometer or volume control, serialport, swipe card reader, motion sensor, door position sensor orcombinations thereof, convert the input signal into digital data, andoutput the digital data to a gateway device or other device via thenetwork interface. For example, certain embodiments may be capable ofdevice to device communication. In certain aspects, the device may alsobe configured to receive and transmit digital data over thehigh-impedance cable. In certain aspects, the device may also beconfigured to process and use certain data at the device. Processing mayinclude compression of digital data, compression of audio/video signals,gain adjustment of audio signals, noise gating of audio signals,frequency equalization of audio signals, time alignment of audio and/orvideo signals, mixing of two or more audio signals, echo cancellation,triggering of audio/video capture, motion detection in video signals,video scaling, video colour adjustment, de-interlacing, de-noising,adjustment of video frame rate, video picture-in-picture processing,other similar signal processing functions or combinations thereof.Further, processing may be modulated or controlled by a local processorin the device, or by signals or messages transmitted by a controlprocessor elsewhere on the network, or by signals or messagestransmitted from a control device such as a volume control or switchattached to the device or attached elsewhere to the network.

Methods of distributing digital data and electrical power to a pluralityof devices over high-impedance cables are also disclosed. Computerprogramming instructions adapted to cause a processing system to carryout these methods may be embodied within a non-transitory computerreadable storage medium.

As well as the embodiments discussed in the summary, other embodimentsare disclosed in the specification, drawings and claims. The summary isnot meant to cover each and every embodiment, combination or variationscontemplated with the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, appended claims, and accompanying figures where

FIG. 1 shows an a typical schematic of a high-impedance audio signaldistribution system using a step-up transformer on the amplifier output;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary schematic diagram of a digital networkin accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary block diagram of a network device that is able toreceive, send and process media packets in accordance with certainembodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary system schematic architecture inaccordance with certain embodiments;

FIGS. 5a to 5f illustrate exemplary cabling schematic topologies inaccordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a digital network coupledto a device with high pass filtering in accordance with certainembodiments;

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary network interface schematic inaccordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary digital interface with high impedancecabling in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary input/output device schematic inaccordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary gateway device schematic in accordancewith certain embodiments;

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary gateway device schematic in accordancewith certain embodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary gateway device schematic with anEthernet switch in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary zoned system schematic in accordancewith certain embodiments;

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary system including multiple loudspeakershaving synchronized output in accordance with certain embodiments;

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary periodic cycle of a Homeplug beaconperiod including events that may occur during normal MAC operation;

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary periodic cycle of a G.hn MAC protocolincluding events that may occur during normal MAC operation;

FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary timestamp exchange between a masterdevice and a slave device; and

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary relationship between master and slaveprocessors connected to a shared network.

DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference toone or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. The examples and embodiments are provided by wayof explanation and are not to be taken as limiting to the scope of thedisclosure. Furthermore, features illustrated or described as part ofone embodiment may be used by themselves to provide other embodimentsand features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may beused with one or more other embodiments to provide a furtherembodiments. It will be understood that the present disclosure willcover these variations and embodiments as well as other variationsand/or modifications.

It will be understood that the term “comprise” and any of itsderivatives (e.g., comprises, comprising) as used in this specificationis to be taken to be inclusive of features to which it refers, and isnot meant to exclude the presence of any additional features unlessotherwise stated or implied.

The features disclosed in this specification (including accompanyingclaims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative featuresserving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly statedotherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each featuredisclosed is one example of a generic series of equivalent or similarfeatures.

Certain embodiments are directed to ensuring that the power distributionmethods used do not significantly affect the quality of data and/orsignal distribution. Certain embodiments are directed to ensuring thatthe power distribution methods used do not substantially affect thequality of data and/or signal distribution. Certain embodiments aredirected to decoupling power and signal distribution. Power distributioncan be AC or DC using various combinations of voltages or frequenciesthat are useful since the transmission methods used for data or mediasignals are not significantly affected, or substantially affected, bythe choice of power distribution mechanism. For a given power level, thevoltage can be increased and current is correspondingly decreased,minimizing resistive losses in the cabling and supporting efficientpower distribution over high impedance cabling systems.

Data or signal distribution is via a digital networking protocol carriedover the same cable used to distribute AC or DC power. For example, thedigital network interfacing can be packet switched such as HomePlug/IEEE1901 powerline networking or Canbus; or can be a non-packetized protocollike SDI, AES3 or S/PDIF. Other digital networking protocols are alsocontemplated. Also it is possible in certain embodiments to usecombinations of networking protocols. It may be necessary to conditionthe signals for transmission over high impedance cabling which is alsoproviding power to devices.

An exemplary digital network similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No.7,747,725 is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. In these figures, a datanetwork 100 comprises a master clock device 102 to generate a systemtime signal 104 for the network 100. Two network devices 108 and 110 areconnected to each other by a network 106 so that they are able to sendand receive media packets. In certain embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the network 106 is comprised of high impedance cabling asdescribed in more detail below. The network devices 108 and 110 are alsoconnected to media devices 112 and 114 respectively which are able togenerate and/or playout media signals. The network device 108 is able toreceive and packetize media signals to be sent as media packets over thenetwork 106. The network device 110 is able to receive packets andtransmit media signals contained in the media packets to the mediadevice 114. Network devices 108 and 110 each contain a local clock 122and 124 and a media clock 123 and 125 respectively.

The network includes a network time protocol (NTP) 120. A NTP 120 is aset of network messages used to synchronise a clock of one device with aclock of another device. In this case, the local clocks 122 and 124 aresynchronised with the master clock 102 using the NTP 120 and the systemtime signal 104. The network messages sent by the NTP 120 includes thesending of packets on the network 106 that relate to the system time.There are various known standard NTPs, for example, the IEEE 1588Precision Time Protocol, and the IETF NTP.

Media clock signals 130 and 132 are derived (i.e. synthesized) from thelocal clock signals (i.e. Local TOD signal) 126 and 128 respectively.The NTP uses a bi-directional exchange of messages to enable thecalculation of both clock offset and rate.

Clock rate synchronisation ensures that the rate at which the networkdevices 108 and 110 send and/or receive data packets is the same towithin a desired accuracy. Clock offset synchronisation ensures that thetime difference from the master clock 102 to the local clocks 122 and124 is the same to within a desired accuracy. In this way any two clocksin the network have a bounded rate and offset error. Ratesynchronisation also ensures that the media signal is produced andconsumed by the network devices at a rate that is derived from the rateof the master clock. The derived rate of the network device may bedifferent from the rate derived by another network device on thenetwork. The derived rate (local clock frequency) may be related to thesample rate of the media signals that the network device is convertinginto packets (i.e. 256 for 48 Hz or 256 for 44.1 Hz). Rate and offsetsynchronisation enables the local clocks 122 and 124 to compensate forvariable delays (i.e. days in the reception of media packets) andachieve tighter synchronisation regardless of the location of thenetwork device 108 and 110 in the network 100 topology.

The synchronized local clock 122 is used to timestamp media packets withthe earliest system time (that is also the local time 126) at which themedia signal contained in the packet was converted into digital form bythe data converter 140. Using the timestamp, the network device 110 thatreceives the media packet can coordinate the correct playout time forthe media signals.

With reference to FIG. 2, operation of an exemplary sending networkdevice 108 will now be described. Incoming analogue media signalsproduced by the media player 112 reach the analogue to digital converter140 of the network device 108. The rate that the analogue to digitalconverter 140 converts the media signal is governed by the media clock130. The digital signal produced by the analogue to digital converter140 is passed to a data packetise and timestamp buffer 142 forcollection into media packets. The media packets are timestamped withthe earliest system time at which the media signal contained in thepacket was converted into digital form.

The local clock 122 supplies rate control, and offset control to thepacketising and time stamping of the media packets via link 130. Sincethe local clock 122 is synchronised with the master clock 102, the ratethat the media packets are produced is at the same rate as the systemtime signal 104 of the master clock 102. This will also be the same rateof the local clock 124 of the receiving network device 110 so the ratethat the entire network 100 produces and consumes media packets issynchronised. The local clock 122 is also synchronised to the masterclock 102 for offset. The adjustment of the local time to synchronisewith the time of the master clock 102 is achieved using an offsetamount. The local time offset from some epoch (e.g. seconds since00:00:00 Jan. 1, 1970) tracks the master clock time. The packets arethen passed to the network port 144 for transmission on the network 106for delivery to the network device 110.

Operation of an exemplary receiving network device 110 will now bedescribed. Incoming packets are received from the network 106 in ajitter compensation data buffer 148 where they are delayed to accountfor the maximum expected latency variation (or jitter) between thesender 108 and the receiver 110. The receiver 110 uses the time stampsof the received packets to reorder the packets if necessary. Thereceiver 110 may align and combine media signals received from differentsources. Further, the device 110 also determines the playout time forthe media signals. The media signals are then passed to the digital toanalogue converter 150 for conversion to analogue at a rate controlledby the media clock signal 132 of the media clock 125. The media signalis then sent to a media device 114, for instance, for playout.

The exemplary device 111 shown in FIG. 3 is able to perform thefunctions of both network devices 108 and 110. Further, this networkdevice 111 can be used for processing media signals in a digital form.In this case media packets are received from one or more senders at thenetwork port 144 and processed within the network device 111 atprocessor 146. The timestamps of the received media packets are used toalign the digital media signals of the packets in time, if necessary.Processing takes place to produce a new set of digital media signals(e.g. mixing a set of audio channels to a left/right stereo channelpair). This processing takes place at the rate and offset controlled bythe local clock 122/124 via link 149. The new digital media signals areplaced into packets and transmitted at a rate determined by the localclock signal 149 and with timestamps that are determined by the localclock offset. The processed packets are then retransmitted from thenetwork port 144. Rather than generating a new timestamp for outgoingpackets from the local clock 122 and 124, it is also possible to copy atimestamp (i.e. the offset) from an incoming packet to the outgoingpacket, thus preserving the time that the media signal was originallygenerated. In this way, media signals can be processed purely in acomputer domain by the components enclosed by 147 which may be part of apersonal computer.

Any clock left to itself will tick along at a certain rate which will beslightly different for each piece of hardware. The process ofdisciplining a clock adjusts the rate and offset of the clock to trackanother reference clock (in this case the master clock 102). The processof clock synchronisation and synthesis will now be described in moredetail.

The local clock signal 126 is a local representation of time at thenetwork device 108. The local clock 122 and 124 is synchronised to thedata network master clock 102 using the NTP 120. The local clock signals126 and 128 are generated by a local oscillator. Even if each of thelocal oscillators have the same nominal frequency (e.g. 12.288 MHz),their actual frequency (or rate) may be slightly different. In additionthis rate may drift with time due to effects such as ambient temperaturevariations. A local clock 122 and 124 is considered synchronized to themaster clock 102 if its rate is actually the same as the master clock102 to within a desired accuracy.

The local clock signal 126 and 128 may be an electrical signal (e.g.produced by a Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)) or it may be representedas software counters maintained by an operating system date/timefacility. In all cases, the local clock signal 126 and 128 is governed(i.e. disciplined) so that it advances (ticks) at the same rate as themaster clock 102.

The local clock signal 126 drives a time of day (TOD) clock which can beexpressed as a number of seconds since an epoch. For example, NetworkTime Protocol version 3 (NTPv3), expresses time as two 32 bit numberscorresponding to the number of seconds and fraction of a second elapsedsince 00:00:00 Jan. 1, 1900. The TOD clock is used to timestamp mediapackets. The epoch for this TOD clock is a global constant for thenetwork. The availability of a global timestamp enables media signalsoriginating from different sources to be time-aligned and combinedaccurately by the receiving network device 110, for example, forplayout. A local clock 122 and 124 is considered to be offsetsynchronized to the master clock 102 if its time difference from themaster clock 102 is the same to within a desired accuracy. If the timedifference between master clock 102 and any local clock 122 and 124 isless than a ¼ of the sample period (5 μs for a 48 kHz signal) then anytwo local clocks 122 and 124 are synchronised to each other to within ½of the sample period. This enables samples generated simultaneously attwo different sources 112 to be accurately aligned for playout.

When the local clock signal 126 is an electrical signal (e.g. from aVCO), clock pulses increment a counter value which represents absolutetime. The counter can be read to produce a timestamp which can becompared with timestamps from the master clock 102 (via the network timeprotocol 120) in a phase locked loop to achieve absolute time (offset)synchronisation in addition to rate synchronisation.

Accurate clock offset synchronization benefits from a network timesynchronization protocol with a two way exchange of messages. Thisenables the local clock 122 and 124 to calculate the network delaybetween it and the master clock 102 and compensate for it. Exemplarystandard network time protocols 120 that may be suitable are the NetworkTime Protocol (NTP), and the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol. NTPVersion 3 is widely implemented and has been documented by the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC1305 as an internet draft standard.Additional NTP information can be found at http://www.ntp.org/. IEEE1588 is a published standard of the IEEE (Std 1588-2002) and isavailable from http://standards.ieee.org/. Additional IEEE 1588information can be found at http://ieee1588.nist.gov/.

IETF NTP 120 is used on general purpose computer systems and can readilyachieve millisecond time synchronization accuracy in a local areanetwork. IETF NTP 120 is slave driven in the sense that a request fromthe slave (i.e. here the network device 108 or 110) results in a two waymessage exchange, which enables the slave to calculate both its timeoffset from the master clock 102 and the network delay.

Herein, IEEE 1588 is the preferred time synchronisation protocol 120,although many NTPs may also be used. In general, timestamping packets asclose to the network transmission or reception time as possible reducesthe error due to end-system jitter. Timestamping can be performed (inpreference order) in hardware, in a device driver or in an application.

IEEE 1588 was designed for use with industrial control and measurementsystems and is suited to accurate hardware implementation. Hardwareimplementations have been shown to achieve sub-microsecond timesynchronization accuracy. Implementation of IEEE 1588 Border Clocks inswitches eliminates the jittering of clock packets as they pass throughthem. IEEE 1588 uses frequent multicast messages from the master tocalculate the offset. It uses a less frequent delay request message fromthe slave, resulting in a delay response message from the master tocalculate the delay.

It may also support redundant master clocks by including a mechanismwhere another master clock takes over if the original master clock 102fails. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure can use thecombination of two separate IEEE 1588 networks each having their ownmaster clock, for example, a recording studio in Sydney, Australia and arecording studio in Melbourne, Australia. These two networks maycoordinate their master clocks via another mechanism, for example GPStime synchronisation. This allows the two networks to share a commonnotion of time and send timestamped packets between each other.

The system may also be implemented using a set of network devices whichsynchronize with one master, while another set of devices synchronizewith a different master on the same network, either at different timesor simultaneously. As an example, a set-top box synchronized to anexternal video source may act as a master clock when viewing a video,whereas the amplifier in an audio system may act as the master clock formusic.

The network time protocol 120 exchanges messages at a regular rate (e.g.every 1 second). By making this interval a non-multiple of media samplerates (i.e. 48 kHz or 44.1 kHz) the possibility of the clock packetsbeing encountered and being jittered by a media packet in transmissionon the network 106 is minimised.

The NTP IEEE 1588 is discussed further next. In the IEEE 1588 protocol,the best master clock 102 and a backup master clock (not shown) areelected from a set of potential candidates. The elected master clock 102may be a local clock 122 of a network device 108. The backup masterclock uses the IEEE 1588 network time protocol 120 to synchronise itsclock with the elected master 102. In the case that the master fails102, the backup master takes over and other local clocks that werepreviously synchronised with the elected master clock 102 will nowsynchronise with the backup master clock and the network 100 continuesto operate smoothly.

Clock synthesis is a widely studied problem and various techniques canbe applied to synthesise a media clock 123 and 125 from the local clocksignal, including Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS), Digitally ControlledOscillators (DCO) or Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCO) controlled bya Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC).

A digital media signal has an implied clock. For an audio media signal,this can be the audio sample rate (e.g. 48 kHz). For a video mediasignal, this can be the number of frames per second. Hardware thatproduces or consumes digital media signals often uses a multiple of thesample rate or frame rate. For example, analogue-to-digital converters140 commonly need a clock that is 128× or 256× the rate at which audiosamples are actually produced. We term this clock multiple the mediaclock 123 and 125. Media clock synthesis is the process of derivingmedia clock signals 130 and 132, which is a digital to analog converter(DAC) word clock, from the network time protocol 120.

At least three techniques can be used to derive a media clock: (i)directly disciplining a hardware clock from the network time protocol;(ii) controlling a pulse width modulated media clock 123 and 125 with amaster clock 102 that has been disciplined by NTP/1588; and (iii)controlling a software timer from a master clock 102.

FIG. 4 shows the high level components of a system in a schematicformat. Gateway devices 200, 202 provide power to the input devices 204,206, the output devices 208, 210, and the input/output device 212 (e.g.,network devices 108, 110 and 111 described with reference to FIGS. 2 and3 above) via the high impedance cabling 214. In certain embodiments,power is provided to the gateway devices 200, 202 by power sources 216,218. The power sources 216, 218 may be, for example, mains power supply,batteries, a generator or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments,one or more non-gateway devices may provide power to devices and/orgateways connected to the high impedance network, power being sourcedfrom mains supply, batteries, generators, other sources or combinationsthereof. Power sources other than gateways may increase the powerredundancy options for safety critical systems. A gateway device 200,202 also receives and conditions, if needed, digital and/or analoguesignals for transmission and/or reception over the networking interface232, 234 used on the high impedance cable network 214. Data and signalsmay be transferred to/from devices not connected to the high impedancecabling via the asynchronous signal interfaces 224, 226,digital/analogue signal interfaces 228, 230, the network interfaces 220,222 in the gateway devices 200, 202 or combinations thereof. Data andsignals may also be transferred directly from one device to anotherdevice without passing through the gateway.

The input and/or output devices may be powered via the high impedancecabling 214. In certain embodiments, power, or a portion of the power,may be provided from other sources such as mains power supply,batteries, a generator or combinations thereof. An input or outputdevice may convert signals transported over the high impedance cablingto/from an analogue or digital interface in the device (e.g. aconnector) for connection to another external device, or may act as atransducer converting the signal into another form (e.g. sound, light).For example, an input or output device may contain one or moremicrophones, speakers, displays, cameras, motion sensors, switches,lights or other kinds of I/O devices. An input or output device may incertain embodiments be a combination of devices as well.

A high impedance power or signal distribution network transferselectrical power with a high voltage relative to current, minimizingimpedance losses in cable or other components in the system. Highimpedance design is particularly important for power distribution.Efficient power transfer through long cable lengths and/or conductorswith small cross sectional area is commonly achieved by increasing theoperating voltage and reducing the operating current for a given powerlevel. High impedance distribution systems can use a variety of voltagesand current configurations; however power losses due to cablingimpedance are typically no more than 20%. Many high impedance systemshave impedance losses under 10%. A variety of cable types may be used toconstruct a high impedance network, including but not limited to:figure-8 cable, twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable. Other types ofcables are also contemplated. In certain applications it is desirable tosupport operation over cabling already deployed. For example, it may bedesirable to support operation over the high impedance speaker cablingalready deployed in constant voltage speaker systems and/or the coaxialcabling often used for video distribution. Building cabling may berequired to comply with safety standards when it is installed intoplenum spaces or when it is part of a safety critical system, such as anevacuation alarm system. It can be therefore desirable to supportoperation over fire and/or plenum rated cabling. Certain embodimentsdisclosed herein may also operate on low impedance cabling (e.g., shortcables, cables with large cross-sectional areas or arrangements wherepower losses due to cable impedance are low), or on cabling whichincorporates low impedance segments. For example, it may be beneficialto operate on low impedance cables already present in a facility. Incertain embodiments, high impedance cabling may be more cost effective.

FIGS. 5a to 5f show six different exemplary topologies using cablingwith two conductors. Devices (D1, D2, . . . ) attach to both of the twoconductors. Optional termination (Z1, Z2 . . . ) can be used in thesystem.

FIGS. 5a and 5b show exemplary daisy chain topologies. The gateway 300in FIG. 5a is at one end of the daisy chain and in FIG. 5b the gateway300 is in the middle of the chain. FIG. 5a includes four network devices302, 304, 306, and 308 and a termination component 310. FIG. 5b includessix network devices 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322 and two terminationcomponents 324, 326. These daisy chain topologies are advantageous forcontrolling the impedance of the system, minimizing signal reflectionsand maximizing performance of the digital networking system. FIG. 5cshows a branching tree-like topology as is often used in constantvoltage loudspeaker systems. FIG. 5c includes a gateway 300, elevennetwork devices 328, 330, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 348, 350,and two termination components 352, 354.

Other topologies are also contemplated. For example, FIG. 5d illustratesan exemplary system schematic architecture using dual redundantconnections. The redundant connections may use the mechanism describedin PCT/AU2007/000667 and/or continuations thereof to provide completelyredundant paths for media signals. The dual connections could provideonly power redundancy, only network redundancy, or both network andpower redundancy. This redundant system includes a gateway 360configured to provide redundancy and three network devices 362, 364,366.

FIG. 5e illustrates an exemplary system schematic architecture showing asingle chain of five network devices 374, 376, 378, 380, 382 attached totwo gateways 370, 372. A single break in the cabling will break thechain into two distinct segments. If each gateway 370, 372 provides bothpower and networking, operation can continue with a single break in thering. Additionally, the ring topology provides protection againstfailure of one of the gateways.

FIG. 5f illustrates an exemplary system schematic architecture showing asingle chain of six network devices 392, 394, 396, 398, 400, 402 loopedback to a single gateway device 390. A single break in the cabling willbreak the chain into two distinct segments. If power and networking canbe supplied through both of the connections to the gateway, operationcan continue in the presence of a single break in the ring.

Optimal or substantially optimal termination occurs when the impedanceof the terminator or terminating device matches or substantially matchesthat of the cable, ensuring that no or substantially no reflectionsoccur. In practice, optimal termination rarely occurs, howevertermination impedances that are substantially similar to the cableimpedance may reduce noise and increase the performance of the system.In certain embodiments, automatic sensing of impedance mismatch and/orautomatic impedance matching may be employed. The gateway devices (370,372, 390) in FIG. 5e and FIG. 5f may in certain embodiments provideautomatic termination, substantially matching the impedance of theattached network of cables and devices. The gateway device (300) in FIG.5b may sense that the cables are appropriately terminated and employ ahigh impedance attachment to the network to avoid impairing thetermination already present. In general, gateway devices may measure theimpedance of the attached network of cables and devices, reporting onimpedance mismatches and/or dynamically adjusting impedance tocompensate for mismatches.

Network devices may terminate the cabling with a fixed value appropriatefor the attached network, by sensing impedance mismatch and selectingappropriate termination impedance, or by dynamically adjustingtermination impedance. Additionally, network devices may detect andreport termination mismatches without taking further action. Networkdevices not located at the end of a cable or sensing that the cable isalready appropriately terminated may operate with a high impedanceattachment to the network cable to avoid impairing the terminationalready present.

The wiring may consist of segments of cable joined together at devices,long continuous cables with devices attached to the cable withoutbreaking the cable into multiple segments, one or more cable segmentsterminating at or originating from a device or gateway, cable segmentsterminating into connectors, terminals or conductors that thenfacilitate attachment to other cable segments, or combinations thereof.

One issue with power distribution is to minimize the power losses in thecabling. At a given power, loss in the cable may be minimized byminimizing the current in the cable and therefore increasing the voltageat which the cable operates. On the other hand, in certain embodiments,it is desirable to keep the operating voltage on the cable below variousregulatory minima to avoid conduit, specialized installation skills,ultimately increased costs or combinations thereof. Voltages typicallyused for constant voltage systems include: 12V, 24V, 25V, 50V, 70V,70.7V, or 100V, rarely even 200V. Voltages in between these discretevalues can also be used.

If the power distribution is via Alternating Current (AC), the gatewayand devices may couple power to/from the high impedance cabling viatransformers, or alternatively via power electronics. If transformercoupling is chosen, it may be advantageous to increase the power supplyfrequency to minimize the size of the transformers. Whilst increasingthe frequency reduces the size and cost of the transformer, hysteresislosses increase linearly with frequency. In constant voltage audiosystems, 30-40% loss in the coupling transformer is commonlyexperienced, so for systems where efficiency is a factor low powersupply frequencies are desirable. Saturation of the magnetic materialsin the transformer limits how far power supply frequency may be reduced.Common power supply frequencies commonly range from 50-400 Hz, where 50Hz and 60 Hz are commonly used by electric utility companies and 400 Hzis used in aircraft. Historically, AC power systems have usedfrequencies anywhere in the range of 16-140 Hz depending on theapplication. The use of AC power electronics in a power distributionsystem may avoid many of limitations of systems based on transformers.If AC power is simultaneously supplied to the same cable by more thanone gateway device, the phase of the power typically will need to becoordinated.

If power distribution is via Direct Current (DC), the gateway anddevices couple power to/from the high impedance cabling via electroniccircuitry such as DC-DC converters, voltage regulators and the like.With DC power, arranging for more than one gateway device to supplypower to the cable may be simplified since there is no AC phase to bealigned. Even when DC power is used, some embodiments may time packettransmissions so as to avoid cyclic noise induced into the cabling by ACpower distribution.

Protection against device short circuit may be achieved by use of a fuseor circuit breaker. Other ways of protecting against a short circuit mayalso be used.

Whether AC or DC power distribution is chosen, the decoupling of signaldistribution and power distribution enables increased power distributionefficiency since power distribution and signal distribution can beseparately optimized. Since signal distribution is via a digitalnetwork, AC or DC power distribution may use small cost effectivetransformers, efficient transformers, power electronics, or evenrelatively noisy power electronics without affecting signal quality. Incontrast, transformer selection in a constant voltage audio systemdirectly affects the quality of the audio, since audio is distributed asa high power baseband analogue signal and is directly affected bytransformer distortion, frequency losses or noise.

The digital network interfacing can be packet switched such asHomePlug/IEEE 1901 powerline networking or Canbus; or can be anon-packetized protocol like the SMPTE Serial Digital Interface (SDI)family of video interfaces, AES3/IEC 60958 or similar standards or AES10the Multichannel Audio Digital Interface (MADI) standard. In certainembodiments, other packet switching technologies and combinations ofpacket switches may also be used. It may be necessary to condition thesignals for transmission over high impedance cabling which is alsoproviding power to devices.

The digital network interfacing operates at relatively high frequencieswhen compared with the power interfacing, allowing the network interfaceto be coupled by use of a high pass filter as shown, for example, inFIG. 6. FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary gateway or device 420 attachedto a high impedance cabling 214. The gateway or device 420 includes aprocessor 422 configured to perform a number of functions. For example,the processor 422 controls a network interface 424 and a power interface426 such that data can be transmitted and received on the high impedancecabling 214. The processor 422 may have other functions such as encodingor decoding media data, rendering media data to an output, etc. The highpass filter 428 is connected between the output of the network interface424 and the output of the power interface 426 to couple data from theprocessor 422 onto the high impedance cabling 214. Other filteringdevices may also be used.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary block diagram of a HomePlug AV networkinterface chip set. In certain embodiments, the “Powerline” interfaceconnects to the high impedance cabling network 214. The schematic showsa host interface coupled to a medium access control (MAC) component 440,which is in turn coupled to the physical layer (PHY) component 442. Bothcomponents are driven by a system clock 444. The MAC component 440 andPHY layer may be implemented in, for example, firmware or softwarerunning on an embedded microprocessor as would be known to the skilledartisan. Output from the PHY component 442 passes through a digital toanalog converter (DAC) 446, low-pass filter 448, and then is coupled viadriver 450 onto windings of a transformer 452, which couples the dataonto the high impedance cabling 214. Data from the high impedancecabling 214 follows a reverse path, coming through transformer 452through a bandpass filter 454, programmable gain amplifier 456, and thenthrough an analog to digital converter (ADC) 458 to the PHY layercomponent 442. The ADC timing is governed by a phase locked loop 460. Inthis case, signals are transmitted over the digital network operating onthe high impedance cabling in a packetized format using theHomePlug/IEEE1901 PHY. Ethernet and/or IP packets transferred throughthe “Host Interface” are received/transmitted using the “Powerline”interface.

Rather than employ a packet based networking scheme, an alternative, incertain embodiments, is to couple a digital signal transport through thehigh impedance cabling. FIG. 8 shows schematically how an AES3 (orsimilar) signal could be transmitted to one or more receivers connectedto the high impedance cabling. As illustrated, the transmitting device'sterminals (TX+ and TX−) are coupled across the primary winding oftransformer 474 in series with resistor 472 and capacitor 476. Thesecondary windings of the transformer 474 are coupled to the highimpedance cabling network 214. The secondary windings of the transformer474 thereby drive the primary windings of another transformer 478, whichinduces a voltage signal across the receiving device's terminals (RX+and RX−). The RX+ and RX− terminals are connected across the secondarywindings of the transformer 478 in parallel with a resistor 480, and inseries with capacitors 482, 484.

Certain embodiments may employ Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms toprovide better service to particular classes of network traffic. QoStechniques similar to Diffserv, IP Type-Of-Service (TOS) and 802.1p/qmark network packets with a field indicating the class of traffic foreach packet. When packets are transmitted, packets in a given class maybe preferentially transmitted or deferred to reflect a priority or otherperformance goal for that traffic class. Additionally, network resourcesmay be reserved for certain classes of traffic using a reservationmechanism similar to the IETF RSVP or IEEE 801.Qat network protocols. InAudio Video Bridging (AVB) systems, a combination of resourcereservation (802.1Qat) and class based traffic prioritization (802.1Qav)is employed to bound the delay experienced by packets passing throughthe network. Certain embodiments may employ network QoS mechanisms tobound the delay experienced by media signals or data packets through thenetwork.

Some network technologies (for example, WiFi and HomePlug) employ ashared transmission medium. A device transmitting messages through ashared medium may experience interference from other devices attemptingtransmission at the same time, or in such a way as the transmissionscontend for access to the shared medium. Contention for a shared mediamay cause variable delays or possibly packet loss. To avoid theseproblems, one or more time periods can be allocated for eachtransmitter, in which the transmitter has exclusive access to the sharedmedium, therefore eliminating the possibility of contention. Certainembodiments may employ a network technology supporting contention-freeperiods of transmission to bound the delay experienced by media signalsor data packets through the network. In HomePlug/IEEE1901 and G.hnnetworks, packet transmission may be scheduled to occur during“contention free periods”, avoiding additional jitter and delayassociated with contended access to the transmission medium. Certainembodiments may employ a resource reservation protocol to allocate timeslots in contention free periods.

In some networking technologies (for example, WiFi, HomePlug and G.hn),it is more efficient to transmit larger packets rather than smallerpackets. To achieve increased efficiency, certain embodiments may bundleseveral signals together for transmission in a packet stream. Further,such networking technologies may have low maximum packet transmissionrates. Some embodiments may use compression in combination with bundlingof signals to further reduce the packet transmission rate.

In some networking technologies (for example, WiFi, HomePlug and G.hn),transmission of unicast messages is more reliable than the transmissionof multicast messages due to an Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocoloperating at the MAC layer. Certain embodiments may therefore convertmulticast messages to unicast messages before transmitting them to theirintended recipients.

As an alternative, some networking protocols offer methods to improvethe reliability of a multicast transmission to all members of themulticast group. These methods typically limit the number of receiversthat can be actively receiving messages in a single multicast receivergroup. Certain embodiments may use multiple acknowledgements to improvethe robustness and reliability of multicast message transmission.

Several networking technologies offer flexibility in the definition ofthe physical layer protocols and methods. Many parameters (such as thenumber of OFDM carriers, guard intervals etc) are adjustable to suitdifferent operating channel characteristics. Certain embodiments mayselect different values for physical layer parameters

Packet based networking technologies may experience loss from time totime. In some cases, the rate of loss is sufficiently low that it can beignored. Acknowledgement and retransmission of packets can be used tomitigate the effects of packet loss, at the cost of additional latency.Alternatively, packet loss can be mitigated using forward errorcorrection (FEC) techniques, where redundant data is added to a streamof packets to allow recovery from one or more missing packets in thestream. FEC is advantageous since less latency is incurred when comparedto acknowledgement and retransmission of missing packets. Certainembodiments may employ packet retransmission or forward error correctionto mitigate packet loss.

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an I/O device 500 that connects to thehigh impedance cabling 214. This device 500 receives power from the highimpedance cabling, either in AC or DC form. The device power supply 502powers the circuitry inside the device. Power may optionally be suppliedto an external device (for example, an IP camera or telephone handset)via power output 518.

Signals travel over the high impedance cabling using digital networking.The high pass filter 504 couples the network interface 506 to the highimpedance cabling 214 and the network interface 506 transfers packets ordigital signals to/from the cabling to the processor 508.

The processor 508 may be implemented with any suitable processingsystem, which may include one or more processing units that may beco-located or distributed and that are configured (e.g., programmed withsoftware and/or firmware) to perform the functionality described herein,wherein the processing system can be suitably coupled to any suitablememory (e.g., RAM, Flash ROM, ROM, optical storage, magnetic storage,etc.). For example, the processor 508 may be a microprocessor executingsoftware, as firmware running on an embeddedmicroprocessor/microcontroller, or alternatively as an ASIC, FPGA orsilicon chip containing digital logic. The processor also accesses amemory 509 for storing and retrieving data and instructions. The memory509 may be any suitable type of memory such as, for example, DRAM orSRAM.

The processor 508 controls a media clock synthesizer 510 to provide amedia clock that is related to the networked digital signal in frequencyor in phase, or both. The media clock is used to drive input converter512 and output converter 514 interfaces, such as analogue to digitalconverters, digital to analogue converters, audio or video digitalinterfaces like the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) interface, AES3/IEC60958, etc. In some embodiments, it may be beneficial to govern themedia clocks such that they are both rate and offset synchronized to aclock that is coupled to a master clock by means of a network timeprotocol, or to some other clock signal in the network. An example ofthe synchronization of media clocks is disclosed above and in U.S. Pat.No. 7,747,725. Media clock signal synchronization facilitates timealignment of signal or event data playout and capture, and additionallyfacilitates low latency operation by allowing buffering at the receiverto be minimized.

The processor may also send and receive asynchronous input/outputsignals via an asynchronous I/O interface 516, such as RS232 serialdata, Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) events, Ethernetpackets, or other signals that do not require a media clock signal.These output signals are “asynchronous” in the sense that they do notrequire a media clock signal for interfacing. Intermittent or eventbased signals can be supported with this interface.

Input analogue or digital signals are transmitted into the digitalnetwork running over the high impedance cabling. Output analogue ordigital signals are received from the digital network running over thehigh impedance cabling.

A PoE capable Ethernet output interface may be provided by combining“unclocked” Ethernet I/O with power output 518 together in a singleinterface.

FIG. 10 shows the connections and interfaces on an exemplary gatewaydevice 520. The gateway device 520 transfers signals between variousanalogue, digital, asynchronous and network I/O interfaces and thedigital network running over one or more high impedance cables connectedto the gateway.

In certain embodiments, the asynchronous I/O interfaces may include anEthernet, WiFi wireless, TCP/IP, other packet based network interfacesor combinations thereof. A network I/O interface may be used to transfersignals through the gateway in packetized form to/from other networkeddevices not attached to the high impedance cabling. The gateway device520 may also include connections for redundant power input.

FIG. 11 shows an internal block diagram of an exemplary gateway device520. The internal structure is similar to that of an I/O device, howeverthe gateway device 520 will typically have more input and outputconnections. In particular, a gateway will likely support multiple highimpedance cable connections, where each connection, or a portion of thecable connections, is supplied power and a network signal. In certainaspects, either a single non-redundant power supply and/or redundantpower supplies may be used.

Similar to the I/O device 500, the gateway device 520 receives andtransmits data via input converter 522 and output converter 524interfaces, such as analogue to digital converters, digital to analogueconverters, audio or video digital interfaces like the Digital VisualInterface (DVI) interface, AES3/IEC 60958, etc. Asynchronous I/Ointerface 526 is configured to send and receive asynchronous data.

A processor 528 controls a media clock synthesizer 530 to provide amedia clock that is related to the networked digital signal in frequencyor in phase, or both. The media clock 530 drives the input and outputconverter interfaces 522, 524. The processor 528 may be implemented as amicroprocessor executing software, as firmware running on an embeddedmicroprocessor/microcontroller, or alternatively as an ASIC, FPGA orsilicon chip containing digital logic. The processor also accesses amemory 532 for storing and retrieving data and instructions. The memory532 may be any suitable type of memory such as, for example, DRAM orSRAM.

Signals travel over the high impedance cabling using digital networking.The high pass filters 534, 536 couple the network interfaces 538, 540 tothe high impedance cabling 214 and the network interfaces 538, 540transfer packets or digital signals to/from the cabling to the processor528. The gateway device 520 also distributes power over the highimpedance cabling 214, either in AC or DC form via power supplies 542,544. Power may be supplied to the components of the gateway device 520by a redundant power supply unit (PSU) 546 that receives power frommains power supply, batteries, a generator or combinations thereof.

Even though digital networking interfaces like SDI and AES3 aretypically used as point-to-point connections, it is possible thatseveral outputs receive the same data or media signals from the networkinterface connection, supporting fan-out of data or signals to manydevices attached to the high impedance network. Usage of apoint-to-point networking interface over the high impedance network maylimit the number of distinct signals that can be provided. When using apacket switched networking interface such as HomePlug over the highimpedance cabling, several cable segments may form a single HomePlugnetwork domain, in which all the devices, or a substantial number of thedevices, in the domain can communicate with each other. In certainembodiments, a more flexible approach is to treat each high impedancecable, or a portion of them, as a standalone network. The processor canthen manage the mapping of data or signals onto network interfaces.Sub-dividing cable segments into several domains may be beneficial forminimizing congestion and/or contention in the network.

Since it is not typical for processors to have large numbers of networkinterfaces, an Ethernet switch chip can be used to connect a singleprocessor Ethernet MII interface to several powerline networkinterfaces. FIG. 12 shows how a single Ethernet network interface on anexemplary processor 550 in an exemplary gateway device can be connectedto many HomePlug powerline networking interfaces. The Ethernet link 552between the processor 550 and the Ethernet switch 554 may employ VirtualLANs (VLANs), allowing the processor to treat each HomePlug interface556, 558 as a separate network. The HomePlug interfaces 556, 558transmit and receive data over the high impedance cabling 214 via highpass filters 560, 562. Power supplies 564, 566 also connect to the highimpedance cabling 214 for supplying power.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary system divided into five logical zones(Zones 1 through 5), which is controlled by a single gateway device 570.Each zone represents a location containing one or more devices to whichdata or media signals can be transmitted and/or received. For example,zones may be used in a building with several rooms or an airportterminal with several buildings, terminals and gates. A large room orairport terminal may have several speakers or displays and the speakersin that room typically play out the same audio. From a management pointof view, signals are conceptually routed to a zone and a managementsystem ensures that signals are appropriately routed to each individualI/O devices making up that zone. Many audio/visual systems includingthose used in airports, railways, conferencing systems and publicaddress systems use zones to simplify routing of background music,paging messages, announcements or other content various locations. Zonesmay overlap one another and be formed by the union of several sub-zones.

FIG. 13 shows several zones as a logical overlay over physical cablingand shows that the structure of the zones is not required to followphysical cabling topology. Three high impedance cables 572, 574, and 576are attached to the gateway device 570. The first high impedance cable572 connects to: a volume control 578 and a speaker 580 in Zone 1; an IPcamera adapter unit 582, a speaker 584, and a volume control 586 in Zone2; and an IP camera adapter unit 588 and speaker 590 in Zone 4; all ofwhich are connected in a daisy chain topology. The second high impedancecable 574 connects to: an IP camera adapter unit 592 and a speaker 594in Zone 1; a volume control 596 and a speaker 598 in Zone 3; and avolume control 600 and speaker 602 in Zone 4; all of which are connectedin a daisy chain topology. The third high impedance cable 576 connectsto: a speaker 604 in Zone 1; an IP camera adapter unit 606 and a speaker608 in Zone 3; and an IP camera adapter unit 610, speaker 612, andvolume control unit 614 in Zone 5; all of which are connected in a daisychain topology.

By way of contrast, the speakers connected to a cable segment in aconstant voltage audio system receive the same program material. Certainembodiments have the advantage that a single cable may support severalzones where each zone may receive or transmit distinct data or programmaterial. The use of zones does not preclude routing signals to specificI/O devices. In some systems, a zone may be distributed across severalgeographical locations, for example departure and arrival informationvideo signals or data may be sent to screens in a zone that isgeographically spread throughout an airport.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary system of seven loudspeakers 700, 702,704, 706, 708, 710, 712 configured to playout out audio in asynchronized fashion. Each loudspeaker receives a media signal via thenetwork interface and is powered via the high impedance cable.Synchronization between loudspeakers may be facilitated by means of ashared time base provided by a network time protocol and/or the methodsdescribed in U.S. patent Ser. No. 11/409,190 and PCT Application No.PCT/AU2008/000656. In some applications, the audio signal may besimultaneously by all speakers in the zone (Ln, C0, Rn). In otherapplications, it may be advantageous to delay audio playout at certainspeakers with respect to a reference location. For example, audioplayout may be progressively delayed the further the speaker is from acentral location—if the loudspeaker 706 (C₀) is the central location,then the outermost loudspeakers 700, 712 (L₃/R₃) have the longest delay,loudspeakers 702, 710 (L₂/R₂) have a medium delay, loudspeakers 704, 708(L₁/R₁) have a small delay and loudspeaker 706 (C₀) has no delay asperceived by a person 714 in the center of the speaker array.

FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate exemplary periodic cycles of the HomePlugbeacon period and G.hn MAC protocol, respectively. When using AC power,these cycles may be synchronized to the AC power cycle, as shown in FIG.15. FIGS. 15 and 16 further illustrate events occurring during normalMAC operation that may be utilized to improve clock synchronizationperformance.

Certain embodiments may employ one of the IEEE 1588 family of clocksynchronization protocols, or a substantially similar protocol. In suchprotocols, timestamps may be exchanged between a master clock and aslave clock as shown in FIG. 17.

In FIG. 17, the master clock transmits a sync message to one or moreslave devices. The time of transmission to, is recorded by taking atimestamp with a local clock in the master device. The sync message mayor may not contain the master timestamp When sync message do not containt_(m), a followup message containing t_(m) may be transmitted passingthe value of t_(m) from the master to the slave device(s). Slave devicestimestamp the arrival of sync messages, shown as t_(s) in the diagram.In this diagram, the transmission of the sync message acts as a sharedevent that is timestamped by the master and slave devices using theirlocal clocks. When the slave device receives a followup message or async message containing t_(m), it has timestamps for the same event atthe master and at the slave. These two timestamps (t_(m), t_(s)) may beused to adjust the slave clock such that it is synchronized with themaster clock.

In FIG. 17, an event which is shared between the master and the slave(the sync message transmission) is timestamped at the master and at theslave. In certain embodiments, the master and slave timestamps of thatshared event may be used to adjust the slave clock such that it issynchronized to the master clock. Certain embodiments may timestampevents shared between the master and slave devices that are neither PTPsync messages nor network time protocol messages, whilst using themaster and slave timestamps of the shared event to adjust the slaveclock such that it is synchronized with the master clock. Shared eventsthat may be useful for this purpose include, but are not limited to:

-   -   The start of the HomePlug Beacon Period,    -   The start of a G.hn MAC cycle,    -   The transmission/reception of a G.hn MAP packet.

In certain embodiments, it may not be required that the shared eventused to generate timestamps occur with a regular frequency provided thatenough timestamps are available to the slave(s) to ensure adequate clocksynchronization.

FIG. 18 schematically illustrates the relationships between the elementsof an exemplary embodiment. As shown in FIG. 18, master and slaveprocessors are connected to a shared network via a MAC layer and themaster can transmit messages containing timestamps through the networkto the slave.

An event (for example, the beginning of each G.hn MAC cycle) may bechosen as the shared event to be timestamped by both master and slavedevices. The MAC indicates the occurrence of the event to an attachedprocessor by means of the Event signal. The Event signal may beimplemented in several ways, including but not limited to: GPIO pin,interrupt pin, SPI port, RS232 port or I2C port. In certain embodiments,if the Event signal contains a single bit of information (e.g. a singleGPIO pin), the attached processor may take a timestamp using its localclock. If the event signal supports several bits of information, atimestamp may be passed from the MAC to the attached processor. Forexample, G.hn timestamps are 32 bits with a 10 ns resolution and may bepassed to the processor when each event occurs. Timestamps generated bythe MAC may need to be converted to the timebase of the attachedprocessor before transmission or use in synchronization algorithms.

Each shared event that occurs is timestamped by the master processor anda message containing the timestamp is transmitted to one or more slaveprocessors via the network. Messages containing timestamps may alsocontain additional information identifying the specific event associatedwith the timestamp, such as sequence numbers, addresses or similarinformation. Messages transmitted and received through the network maypass across the “Bus” connection between the processor and directlyattached MAC.

The shared events that occurs may also be timestamped by the slaveprocessors. When the slave processor receives a message from the masterprocessor containing a timestamp for a shared event, the mastertimestamp contained in the message and the matching slave timestamp maybe used to synchronize the slave clock with the master clock. Insummary, the slave processor has a local timestamp and a mastertimestamp for an event that is shared between the master and the slave.

Certain embodiments may also share information between system componentsor protocol implementations where information gathered in the operationof one system protocol may have practical benefit optimizing orotherwise improving the performance of another system component. By wayof example, IEEE1588 messages may be multicast and are usually receivedby all devices in the system through their participation in theprotocol. Parameters such as loss rates or failed multicast receptionrates, or observed signal to noise ratios using the IEEE 1588 trafficarriving at each receiver can be communicated back to a controlling nodevia unicast. This information may be used to scale the number of devicesrequired to participate in a multicast receiver group that is utilizingmultiple acknowledgements. In this case channel performance informationderived from IEEE1588 messaging may be used to select representativedevices and may allow a controller to statistically minimize the numberof devices required to acknowledge a multicast transmission, andtherefore minimize the overhead required by the multicastacknowledgement process. In this case devices that are determined to bethe most representative or most likely to suffer loss of a multicasttransmission than other members of the group and therefore well placedto acknowledge on behalf of the multicast group. In certain embodiments,this has the effect of allowing devices to participate in the multicastreceiver group without being required to transmit acknowledgements. Manysuch examples are possible within embodiments of a system.

The physical layer employed in many communications technologies is basedon orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, or variations on themulticarrier concept. Physical layer parameters associated with the OFDMphysical layer of typical systems are generally not defined as fixedvalues, and therefore may be adjusted to suit the media and associatedtransmission channel. Parameters that are adjustable may typicallyinclude, but are not limited to:

Baseband bandwidth and RF channel

Number of OFDM subcarriers and subcarrier frequency spacing

Modulation schemes

Guard intervals

In certain embodiments, the parameters may allow a range of possiblevalues, with a preferred value based on the application of the currentembodiment. In certain embodiments, the operating value may be selectedconsidering the performance of the transmission channel with respect toparameters such as, but not limited to attenuation, impulse response,delay spread etc.

Typical baseband values range from 12.5 MHz up to 400 MHz. Lower valuesare utilized in a lower quality transmission channel (i.e. one withhigher frequency and time selectivity—such as legacy power linecabling), higher values are possible in cleaner transmission channels(i.e. on with lower frequency and time selectivity such as properlyterminated coaxial cable.) A typical value for a lower qualitytransmission channel is in the region of 25 Mhz. A typical value for ahigher quality transmission channel is in the region of 100 MHz,

The number of OFDM subcarriers in a typical system may range between 64up to 8192, with a typical value in the region of 1024. Carrier spacingvalues are linked to the number of subcarriers and baseband bandwidth inuse. Values may range from approximately 12 kHz up to approximately 400kHz, with a typical value in the region of 24 kHz in poor transmissionchannels that require lower baseband bandwidths, and a typical value inthe region of 200 kHz for higher quality transmission channels thatallow higher baseband bandwidths.

The modulation scheme may be varied based on the received signal tonoise ratio, and increased as high as possible to maximize the possibledata rate in the current channel conditions.

Guard Intervals are selected based on the time delay spread of thechannel, and may be necessary to handle reflections, inter symbolinterference, and/or other time selective behavior in the transmissionchannel. In parameterized systems, values are typically measured insamples (defined by the nyquist rate required to receive the fullbaseband signal) and range in value from 8 up to 1024. Guard Intervalsmay be made shorter in higher quality channels and longer in lowerquality channels.

Certain embodiments of this approach allow multiple physical media to beused in a single system. Multiple transceiver implementations allowdifferent cabling options with separate parameter sets used for eachcabled interface. In cases where multiple physical communication pathsexist between a transceiver pair (via different transmission channels),many algorithms are possible to determine which path would be utilized.Examples include, but are not limited to:

-   -   The faster network is employed    -   Load balancing is employed by the transmitter, and the lowest        loaded link is employed    -   The connection minimizing overall latency is employed

The selection of which transceiver is utilized may be performed on shortor longer timescales. A short timescale may allow the device to utilizeany of its available transceiver interfaces on a packet by packet basis.A longer timescale may be utilized to establish reservations on anyavailable links on which data traffic may be multiplexed. The details ofeach reservation may be determined by some of the characteristicsoutlined above.

In certain embodiments, the system may be deployed into a “brownfield”environment in which existing cabling infrastructure is used alongsidenewly installed and optimized cabling. In such an embodiment, the systemmay utilize the physical layer parameters appropriate for each media,wherein the pre-existing cabling may use a more robust, lowerperformance configuration and the optimized cabling may employ a higherperformance configuration. In one embodiment, pre-existing cabling mayinclude, for example, incorrectly terminated “FIG. 8” fire rated speakercable, or poorly terminated existing power system cable. Optimizedcabling may include properly terminated twisted figure-8 speakercabling. This embodiment may be important for deployment of practicalsystems as it provides flexibility in how a system may be installed intoexisting building infrastructure.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in a variety ofapplications. For example:

Audio signal distribution system

-   -   Microphone, line, analogue or digital inputs+amplifiers,        speakers, analogue or digital outputs    -   Microphones or sensors connected to the 70V wiring

Video signal distribution system

-   -   Panels/displays connected to 70V wiring    -   Cameras connected 70V wiring

Mixed Audio/Video distribution

-   -   Speakers, microphones, displays

System with controls

-   -   Controls (e.g., local volume control at the speaker, audio        source, etc.)    -   Volume control widget connected to the network    -   Control of (e.g. volume) via the network

Digital networked zoning

Certain embodiments may have one or more advantages over a conventionallow impedance speaker system, including, for example:

-   -   Simplified cabling: physical cabling topology can be designed        for maximum convenience without sacrificing zoning flexibility.        A single cable can support more than one zone. In some cases,        less cabling may be required since it can follow a more natural        installation path.    -   Timing control: The timing of signal playout or capture can be        controlled on a per-device basis. Timing between devices may be        coordinated to improve intelligibility, quality, or sensitivity        of the system. Time alignment between audio and video signal        capture/playback is simplified.    -   Multiple power levels: Fine control over sound pressure level        targets can be achieved at different listening areas. Adjustment        of the audio level can be carried out by the processor in the        device and without requiring physical access to transformer        taps. Adjustments in level can be much finer than is typically        supported via transformer taps.    -   Less expensive: power losses are reduced resulting in lower        operating costs, cabling may be reduced in size due to power        savings or reduced in length due to the ability to easily define        logically zones. Devices using power electronics may be smaller        and lighter, making them simpler to install and transport.

Certain embodiments of the present disclosure may obviate certaindisadvantages of conventional constant voltage speaker systems, such as:

Frequency Response: Inexpensive transformers may have poor reproductionof low and high frequencies. Since signals in certain embodiments aretransmitted in digital form, they are not subject to the frequencydistortions which trouble analogue systems. In certain embodiments,transformers may not require a wide frequency range or even goodlinearity and may be optimized for power distribution at a specificfrequency. Low and high frequency response at the same power level maybe significantly improved.

Distortion: Overdriven transformers can add ringing distortion to theaudio signal. Low cost transformers are prone to distortion at higherpower levels, especially with regard to low frequency response.Low-level signals can fail to energize a poorly designed transformercore enough to prevent higher than normal amounts of harmonicdistortion. As disclosed herein, transformers in certain embodimentsneed not have a wide frequency response.

Variation: Unit-to-unit variation can be observed in poorly madetransformers. Electronics used in power conversion and signalinterfacing can be made with considerably less variation than physicaltransformers.

Delay: More distant speakers on the same cable in a constant voltageaudio system cannot be easily delayed to match the speed of sound in airso that the impulses from a string of loudspeakers arrive at the sametime from the point of view of a distant listener. In certainembodiments, each loudspeaker may be driven with a distinct signal. Thissignal may be delayed or otherwise processed as necessary. In certainembodiments, output devices may contain a delay element, allowingplayback of a signal transmitted to many speakers with differing delays.

Insertion loss: The transformers themselves commonly reduce total powerapplied to the loudspeakers, requiring the amplifier to be some ten totwenty percent more powerful than the total power that is intended to beapplied to the loudspeakers. Typical transformer insertion lossmeasurements are taken at 1,000 Hz in order to make the transformer'sspecifications appear as good as possible. Using this method, typicalinsertion losses are about 1 dB, a 20% power loss. Most of the power invoice-application audio systems is below 400 Hz, meaning that insertionloss at lower frequencies would be greater. Good quality transformersreduce mid-band frequencies by 0.5 dB (approximately 10% power loss) orless, resulting in a ten watt loudspeaker drawing 11.1 watts from theamplifier. In certain embodiments, decoupling of signal and powerdistribution combined with the use or power electronics will essentiallyeliminate, or substantially reduce, significant insertion loss for DC orAC powered loudspeakers. Signals are transmitted digitally with lowpower.

Capacitance: To achieve higher power levels, transformers must bephysically larger. Large transformers (above 200 watts) begin to sufferfrom high frequency attenuation due to self-capacitance. The use ofpower electronics in certain embodiments may eliminate or reduce thiseffect. Digital transmission lessens or substantially preventscapacitance from affecting the quality of signal distribution.

Expense: If high-power loudspeakers are used with an emphasis on lowfrequency response, the required transformers will be much larger andwill add significant cost to the project. Additionally, in some areas,local building and electrical code requires 70-volt cabling to becarried within conduit, increasing the overall project cost. Higherpowered systems using certain embodiments of the present disclosure mayrequire more expensive cabling, however high powered electronics doesnot require markedly more expense. Low frequency operation may besignificantly improved at similar cost.

Moreover, certain embodiments may also have one or more of the followingadvantages:

-   -   Improved speech quality and/or intelligibility compared to        analog systems.    -   Simple daisy chaining, avoiding the difficulties daisy chaining        Ethernet (Power over Ethernet is problematic for daisy chains        and provides too little wattage to meet the needs of many        applications).    -   Support for retrofitting digital networking to buildings using        cabling previously installed for 70/100V analog constant voltage        systems.    -   Solve Power over Ethernet (PoE) power capacity problem for        ceiling speakers (cable providing much more power than PoE can        be used).    -   Allow zones to be logical overlays that can be independent of        the cabling topology.    -   Make it possible to re-zone areas via simple software        reconfiguration (such as when re-fitting out a floor in a        building, or in a hotel/conference center).

In addition, certain embodiments may provide one or more improvementsand benefits over conventional systems, including, for example:

-   -   Speakers can be individually monitored and alarms can be raised        when a unit fails—an important safety standard feature.    -   Richer features such as ambient noise sensing and level        adjustment are possible.    -   Operating power consumption is reduced, possibly meeting the        requirements of relevant standards such as LEED and Energy Star    -   It is as easy to install as traditional analog systems, with        little retraining needed.    -   Lower wiring and installation costs

Certain embodiments may have one or more advantages in comparison to astandard HomePlug system on power cabling, including, for example:

-   -   Retrofitting existing loudspeaker installations (e.g., in        airports, commercial buildings, etc.) may be easily accomplished        with minimal rewiring    -   Speaker cabling vs. power cabling    -   Smallest size power cabling delivers approximately 500 W to a        single device. Constant voltage speaker cabling of a similar        size delivers power and program material to many lower wattage        devices sharing the cable (e.g., ten 50 W devices, or fifty 10 W        devices)    -   Constant voltage speaker cabling almost universally uses a lower        voltage than the power cabling, to avoid conduit and other        regulatory issues with installation    -   Constant voltage speaker cabling often has longer runs than        power cabling, with greater resistive loss    -   Total wattage delivered by a constant voltage speaker cable is        usually much less than the wattage delivered by an power cabling        (hundreds of watts vs. thousands of watts). This is because the        voltage is typically minimized to avoid regulatory issues and        the current may also be minimized to reduce resistive loss in        the speaker cables.

The exemplary approaches described may be carried out using suitablecombinations of software, firmware and hardware and are not limited toparticular combinations of such. Computer program instructions forimplementing the exemplary approaches described herein may be embodiedon a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium, such asa magnetic disk or other magnetic memory, an optical disk (e.g., DVD) orother optical memory, RAM, ROM, or any other suitable memory such asFlash memory, memory cards, etc.

Additionally, the disclosure has been described with reference toparticular embodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art that it is possible to embody the disclosure inspecific forms other than those of the embodiments described above. Theembodiments are merely illustrative and should not be consideredrestrictive. The scope of the disclosure is given by the appendedclaims, rather than the preceding description, and all variations andequivalents that fall within the range of the claims are intended to beembraced therein.

1. A system for distributing digital data and electrical power to aplurality of devices over high-impedance cables comprising: a. a gatewaydevice connected to a power source; b. a first device connected to thegateway device by a cable, the cable being a high-impedance cable havingat least two conductive paths, and wherein the first device receiveselectrical power and digital data from the gateway device via the cableover the same conductive path of the cable; c. a second device connectedto the gateway device by the cable wherein the second device receivespower and digital data from the gateway device via the cable over thesame conductive path; and d. wherein the power source provides power tothe first and second devices via the cable, and wherein the seconddevice is connected to the gateway device through the first device via adaisy-chain topology.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein a. a third deviceis connected to the gateway device by the cable, and wherein the thirddevice receives power and digital data from the gateway device via thecable over the same conductive path; and b. a fourth device connected tothe gateway device by the cable, wherein the fourth device receivespower and digital data from the gateway device via the cable over thesame conductive path within the cable.
 3. The system of claim 1 whereinthe gateway device is configured to transmit and receive data, and totransmit power to at least the first and second devices.
 4. The systemof claim 1 wherein the digital data is compressed or uncompressed audioor video, control and monitoring data, or a combination thereof.
 5. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the first device is a speaker, video monitor,security alarm, fire alarm, smoke detector, CO2 detector, camera,network adapter, volume control or combination thereof.
 6. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the second device is a speaker, video monitor, orsecurity alarm, fire alarm, smoke detector, CO2 detector, camera, volumecontrol or combination thereof.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein thegateway device transmits power to at least the first and second devicesas alternating current.
 8. The system of claim 7 wherein a frequency ofthe alternating current is between about 400 and about 500 Hz.
 9. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the gateway device transmits power to the atleast first and second devices as direct current.
 10. The system ofclaim 1 wherein the cable is a 70V or 100V analog public address cables.11. The system of claim 1 wherein the first device is in a first zoneand the second device is in a second zone.
 12. The system of claim 1wherein the first device and the second device are in a first zone. 13.The system of claim 1 wherein the first device and the second device arein a first zone and the third device and the fourth device are in asecond zone.
 14. The system of claim 1 wherein the first device, thesecond device, the third device and the fourth device are in separatezones.
 15. The system of claim 1 wherein the first device, the seconddevice, the third device and the fourth device are configured in zonesthat are not dependent on a cabling topology.
 16. The system of claim 1wherein the first device, the second device, the third device and thefourth device zone location is reconfigured via a software solution. 17.The system of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the devices can beindividually monitored.
 18. The system of claim 1 wherein at least aportion of the devices can individually be addressed via the gatewaydevice. 19-23. (canceled)
 24. A gateway device configured to transmitdigital data and electrical power to a plurality of devices overhigh-impedance cables comprising: a. a network port; b. a networkinterface connected to the network port, wherein the network interfaceis configured to receive and transmit digital data via the network port;c. a converter configured to receive digital data from the networkinterface and generate data packets suitable for transmission over aconductive path in a high-impedance cable; d. a coupler configured toreceive the data packets and transmit said data packets over theconductive path; and e. a power supply unit configured to receive powerfrom a power source and generate an output power suitable fortransmission over the conductive path; f. wherein the gateway device isconfigured to transmit digital data and electrical power to a pluralityof devices connected via a daisy-chain topology. 25-35. (canceled)
 36. Adevice configured to transmit digital data and receive electrical powerover a high-impedance cable comprising: a power supply adapted to becoupled to a conductive path in a high-impedance cable; a networkinterface adapted to be coupled to the conductive path in thehigh-impedance cable; and a processing system coupled to the networkinterface, the processing system configured to receive an input signalfrom a security alarm, fire alarm, smoke detector, CO2 detector, camera,volume control or combination thereof, convert the input signal intodigital data, and output the digital data to a gateway device via thenetwork interface. 37-48. (canceled)